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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00024_Field_frep60.txt
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1996-12-30
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SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
A synapse appears as the thin,
dark area near the bottom
center in this electron
microscope picture of a section
through cerebellar cortex of a
rat. To the left of the synapse,
an axon cut in cross section is
filled with tiny round synaptic
vesicles, in which
neurotransmitter is stored. To
the right a dendritic process
(called a spine) can be seen
coming off of a large dendritic
branch, which runs
horizontally across the picture
near the top. (The two sausage-
like dark structures in this
dendrite are mitochondria.) The
two membrane surfaces, of the
axon and dendrite, come
together at the synapse, where
they are thicker and darker. A
20-nanometer cleft separates
them.
How are impulses started up in
the first place, and what
happens at the far end, when
an impulse reaches the end of
an axon?
The part of the cell
membrane at the terminal of an
axon, which forms the first
half of the synapse (the
presynaptic membrane), is a
specialized and remarkable
machine. First, it contains
special channels that respond
to depolarization by opening
and letting positively charged
calcium ions through. Since
the concentration of calcium
(like that of sodium) is higher
outside the cell than inside,
opening the gates lets calcium
flow in. In some way still not
understood, this arrival of
calcium inside the cell leads to
the expulsion, across the
membrane from inside to
outside, of packages of special
chemicals called
neurotransmitters. About
twenty transmitter chemicals
have been identified, and to
judge from the rate of new
discoveries the total number
may exceed fifty. Transmitter
molecules are much smaller
than protein molecules but are
generally larger than sodium or
calcium ions. Acetylcholine
and noradrenaline are
examples of neurotransmitters.
When these molecules are
released from the presynaptic
terminal they quickly diffuse
across the 0.02-micrometer
synaptic gap to the postsynaptic
membrane.